Essay about When Are Immigrants Americans Too - 580 Words

Ever since people started coming to America, those that were here before them wondered why they came! Is it for freedom or for the idea that America is The Land of Opportunity? In this paper, I am going to look at the reasons Immigrants come to America. I will also discuss both their views of themselves and how Americans view them. The question I pose to answer throughout this paper is When will Immigrants not be Immigrants anymore and become Americans? So why do people come to America from other countries? Hugo Ortega, arrived in Texas in 1982 from Mexico. He worked his way from dishwashing jobs and briefly living on the streets to being named Chef of the Year at the 2002 Houston Culinary Awards for his work with his†¦show more content†¦Some feel that immigrants dont add to our economy while others do. In Jimmy Santiago Bacas poem, So Mexicans are Taking Jobs from Americans, he uses sarcasm when he implies that all immigrants, not only ones from Mexico are coming to America and taking jobs that are rightfully those that already live in America. He says that what Americans are really meaning to say is We arent giving the children a chance to live and Let them die, and the children too (Baca, 775). Most Americans believe that Immigrants who come to America are looking for a way out and a free ride. Some times this is true, but most of the time it is not. It is the false pretences and the hopes of many, such as Hugo O rtega, that get them to migrate here. I believe that many Americans are scared, scared of change, scared of being over taken by the immigrants and scared that the immigrants are going to take all their jobs. They are also scared when immigrants know more about their country than they do. Who wouldnt feel threatened? To analyze this further, let us look at a poem by Pat Mora entitled, Immigrants. In her poem she is painting the picture of what an American consists of and how immigrants try to make their children become Americanized. She says that immigrants try to make their children fit in as much as they can by giving them American names, feeding them American food, dressing them in American clothes and speakingShow MoreRelatedIllegals Are Costing Americans A Lot Of Money1289 Words   |  6 Pagesin our country today. Only about .5% is sent back to their home country. That is too many illegals for the U.S. to take care of, and a lot of them are taking American jobs increasing our unemployment rate. Most of these Illegals bring in many drugs so they can get money to start a new life. There are too many Illegals coming into our county its’s a problem and we need to change that. Illegals are costing Americans a lot of money. 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People need to separate the groups to realize that there are immigrants who help America and that they should be allowed to stay in America under certain circumstances. ImmigrantsRead MoreQuestionable Immigration Myths850 Words   |  4 Pagesthe author who believes Americans treat immigrants poorly. He introduces the reader to Know Nothings, or Native Americans, who blame every problem in America on the immigrants (Cole 189-90). In the introductory paragraph, Cole attempts to obtain the readers sympathetic feelings as he writes with great passion when he describes the mistreatment his Irish Catholic immigrant ancestors endured (190). This in turn raises the question of how objective he could remain when presenting his arguments

What Do Williams And Bell ( 2015 ) Say About The Image Of...

What do Williams and Bell (2015) say about the image of the social work profession in the African American community? In an attempt to ascertain the image of the social work profession in the African-American community, Williams Bell (2015) conducted a study in order to examine the perceptions of community members regarding social work practice commitment to pertinent issues of African Americans. As discussed by Williams Bell (2015), the evolving identity of social work has been continually unclear among the general public and social workers themselves. Theoretically social work practice is thought to have abandoned its original ideals of community focus and collective betterment shifting its concentration to individualistic approaches. Since its inception, beginning with settlement houses and charity organizations in the 19th century, social work practice has endeavored for recognition as a profession in its own right not as a supplement to other professions in a secondary manner such as assisting doctors or lawyers etc. The history of social work can partly be attributed to the lack of clarity in best meeting needs of the African American community. Beginning with the foundation of organizations in the late 19th century that began social work practice and its necessary role in the black community to introduce former slaves into society as citizens; African Americans were still facing discrimination and prejudice which shadowed the progression of the socialShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Behaviour: Does Csr Affect Consumer Decision Making and Buying Behaviour Within the Uk Supermarket Industry12140 Words   |  49 PagesABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a long debated topic. However there is a lack of literature within the supermarket industry. The aim of this project is to use previous research within the supermarket industry in investigating how aware and concerned consumers are of CSR practices, and how CSR activities affect consumer behaviour and their ethical decision making. 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Family Medicines a Strategic Weakness free essay sample

Recently the trends of urbanization and fast population increase expose several problems to healthcare system in Vietnam like shortage of healthcare manpower, low quality of care, unreasonable distribution of healthcare manpower in different geographic areas, particularly the serious shortage of physicians in Mekong Delta and North-west highland areas as specialists tend to locate their practices in urban medical centers where they could have access to advanced technology, supportive services and consultations from other specialists while rural areas are underserved and patient care becomes highly technocratic, fragmented and episodic. Furthermore, the shortage of physicians in major cities results in a seriously permanent overload at Central level and some specialty hospitals like Oncology, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology .. etc.. In sustainable issues, deficit of Family medicine a basic foundation of modern healthcare in the world, is identified as one of main causes of such problems in Vietnam healthcare system. The purpose of this Essay is to provide a theoretical discussion and analysis about the Family medicine weakness in Healthcare system and Family physician insufficiency in Vietnam to better understand about their impacts to the healthcare system at present and some proposed solutions and recommendations to improve these deficits. 2. Family Medicine and its roles in global healthcare system. In contemporary medicine, Family medicine remains the foundation stone of healthcare service in the community. As the most interesting and challenging of medical disciplines it is based on six fundamental principles: * primary care * family care * domiciliary care * continuing care All above principles are all designed to achieve: * preventive care * personal care (Pereira Gray, 1980). In the contemporary climate where medical services are fragmented and there are competing interests there is a greater need than ever for generalists. In those principles, primary care is the backbone of the health care system and encompasses the following functions: * It is first – contact care, serving as a point of entry for the patient into the healthcare system * It includes continuity by virtue of caring for patients in sickness and health over some period * It is comprehensive care, drawing from all the traditional major disciplines for its functional content. It serves a coordinative function for all the healthcare needs of the patient * It assumes continuing responsibility for individual patient follow-up and community health problems * It is a high personalized type of care (Rakel 2011) In the 2008 report, the World Health Organization (WHO) reaffirmed the importance of primary health care with its report â€Å"Primary health care now more than ever† and its emphasizes that primary care is the best way of coping with the illnesses of the 21st century, and that better use of existing preventive measures could reduce the global burden of disease by as much as 70%. The commentary emphasizes that ‘primary care brings promotion and prevention, cure and care together in a safe, effective and socially productive way at the interface between the population and the health system’. The key challenge is to â€Å"put people first since good care is about people† (WHO, 2008). Rather than drifting from one short-term priority to another, countries should make prevention equally important as cure and focus on the rise in chronic diseases that require long-term care and strong community support. Furthermore, at the 62nd World Health Assembly in 2009, WHO strongly reaffirmed the values and principles of primary health care as the basis for strengthening health care system worldwide. The essence of Family medicine is continuity of care and the evidence for its contribution to quality of care and better outcomes as follows: * Lower all cause morbidity * Better access to care * Less re-hospitalization * Fewer consultations with specialists * Less use of emergency service Better detective of adverse effects of medication interventions. Role definition of Family physician varies considerably both among family physicians and among people with whom they interact. Some individuals, particularly other medical specialists, see family medicine as merely another name of general practice. For others, family medicine is synonymous with primary care. A large proportion of family physicians further elaborate their role to include emphasis on personalized and humanized care. A smaller group adds a third component to their role: caring for families. The largest proportion who subscribes to this last notion refer to family physicians’ treating all members of a family (Cogswell, Sussman, 1982). In view of Family medicine, Family physicians are generalists who primarily draw their scientific medicine and technical expertise from five older specialties – internal medicines, pediatrics, surgery, obstetrics-gynecology and psychiatry-neurology. Compared to these specialties, family medicine is still a young field marked both by rapid expansion and by change, variety, ambiguity and conflict in the images and definition of the role of family physician. As the largest caring scope in healthcare services, the quality and quantity strengths of Family physician force play key roles to improve the health quality of national population. Globally the scope of Family medicine is extended with the recent view of global health care which is a field at the intersection of several disciplines: epidemiology, economics, demography and sociology. The term global health, as opposed to international health, implies consideration of the health needs of the people of the whole planet above the concerns of particular nations. That means global health has wide scope and reach to equity that the term of international health. The â€Å"global health† concept in Family medicine raises the changes in primary care nature as follows: * All population has to deal with the same risk of health due to the phenomena of traveling and immigration. Increase the gap between the poor amp; the rich globally. * The process of the urbanization/globalization. * Increase of the population in the world. * Decrease of the resources for health care. * Global warming phenomena. * Vaccination Era. * Evidence Based Medicine in daily practice. * Increase the bad behavior such as fast food, tobacco, stress, use alcohol†¦ * Primary health care change to Primary care concept  (Pham Le An, 2009). Such comprehensive changes upgrade the scale of Famil y medicine in healthcare. In order to promote the global health support as well as strengthen the co-operation of national members, the World Organization of National colleges and Academies (WONCA), World Organization of Family physicians in WHO, was officially established and based in Singapore after the Fifth World Conference on General Practice in Melbourne in 1972. 3. Family medicine situation in Vietnam Although Family medicine basis had been established in the world for over 40 years, Family physicians, the most recently recognized specialists in Vietnam, are in the enigmatic situation of developing the occupational role which they simultaneously occupy. Family medicine had been only approved for establishment by Vietnam Ministry of Health since 2000. Until 2003, Family medicine specialty was established at 3 Medical Universities of Hanoi, HCMC City and Thai Nguyen province to train Family physicians and its specialists. However, its development was spontaneous with 7 Family medicine clinics (in both public and private sectors) nationwide and not strategically organized at all levels so far. There are only 59 post-graduated specialists and around 1,1 General practitioners who partly handle the roles of family physicians per 10,000 people averagely. The imbalance between Family medicine and other specialists can be seen by the ratio of 7,2 Medical doctors per 10,000 people in overall (Vietnam General Statistics Office GSO – 2011) and the healthcare system only satisfies about 60- 70% of the demands and are lower than neighbor countries like Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines.. tc. In 2011 report, Vietnam Ministry of Health forecasted the demand of 34,000 General practitioners more to obtain 10 Medical doctors/10,000 people in 2020 and this is a significant challenge to all 19 Medical educational Universities/Colleges to educate Medical doctors and post-graduate levels in medicine which capacities supply 4,800 graduated Medical doctors every year to add around 3,500 physicians more a year. Not only the quantity of family physicians is seriously insufficient, but also their quality to fulfill the roles of a family physician does not meet the needs of the patients and social development. The General practitioner training programs don’t orient student to the WHO’s critical requirements of â€Å"good doctors† in Family medicine, even though the criteria are more and more demanding by time, for example, the newer criteria of John Murtagh in 2001 â€Å"What makes a good General Practitioner? : * Develop rapport and good communication skills * Ask the right questions * Be astute and observant * Develop optimal ethical and professional standards * Have a fail-safe diagnostic strategy * Develop supportive networks * Know essential therapeutics * Develop basic procedural skills * Be well prepared for emergencies * Know yourself and your limitations including own general practitioners. The importance of certain specific competences and soft-skills in family physician force are emphasized in many studies. An interesting survey on patient care by representative health consumers conducted at St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne revealed that the most important attributes of good doctors were (in some order of importance) caring, responsibility, empathy, interest, concern, competence, knowledge, confidence, sensitivity, perceptiveness, diligence, availability and manual skills. Additionally, there are neither comprehensive residency programs for Family physicians at Medical Universities/ Colleges in Vietnam nor supporting policy to them and general practitioners practicing at remote or rural areas so far. With effort to resolve the overload situation of Central hospitals in major cities, Project 1816 of Vietnam Ministry of Health deployed in 2008 with the purpose of â€Å"Fielding rotated professionals from upper level hospitals to lower levels to improve the quality of medical care† achieved some initial results such as transferring some technologies and conducting on-site training to improve skills and qualifications for lower level health care professionals; initially improving the quality of medical care at lower levels, especially in the mountainous, remote areas with staff shortage†¦etc, but its couldn’t obtain one of basic goals to reduce overcrowding for upper level hospitals, especially central level hospitals because it made the shortage of central level and specialty hospital more serious by the rotation. 4. Impacts of Family Medicine weakness in Healthcare system amp; Family physician insufficiency in Vietnam. Due to low reliability and poorly structured family physician network, patients tend to bypass to specialists/ central level hospitals (Vietnam Ministry of Health – 2011 Report), opposite with the trend in the world in which healthcare activities for chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma†¦are moved from in-patient to out-patient services with comprehensive treatment protocol at each level (Dang Van Phuoc, 2012) The irregular bypass causes the overload at Central level and specialty hospitals and the overloading condition becomes more serious, i. e, bed using capacity at Central hospitals increase from 116% (2009) to 120% (2010) and 118% (2011). It’s extremely high in some specialty hospitals such as K (Cancer) Hospital: 249%, Bach Mai Hospital: 168%; Cho Ray hospital: 154%; Central Obstetric and Gynaecological hospital: 124% .. etc. High capacity occurs in some specialties such as Oncology, Cardio-vascular, Orthopaedics (at 100% of hospitals), Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics (at 70% of hospitals) while 36,8% of General hospitals are overloaded. The similar situation also happens in Consulting Departments with 80 exams/day/doctor while 60% 80% of patients at Central level hospitals could be examined at local level and 40% of surgery cases at Central level hospital could be performed at local levels (Ministry of Health – Plan to decrease workload of Central level hospitals 2012- 2020) With the cost in health care, the deficit of Family medicine in Vietnam is one of reason making the medical expenses of patient higher. Total Expenditure on health as % of GDP (5. 1) is fairly high while General Government expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health (28. 5) is so low to neighbor countries (Susan, 2005). The most cost-effective healthcare systems depend on a strong primary care base. This has been confirmed by a variety of studies comparing the care given by physicians in different specialties because primary care provided by physicians specifically trained to care for the problems presenting to personal physicians, who know their patients over time, is of higher quality than care provided by other physicians. When hospitalized patients with pneumonia are cared for by family physicians or full-time specialist hospitalists, the quality of care is comparable, but the hospitalist incur higher hospital charges, longer lengths of stay, and use more resources (Smith et al. , 2002). Similarly, the greater quantity of primary care physicians practicing in a nation, the lower is the cost of health care. The cost of healthcare is inversely proportional to the percentages of generalists practicing in that nation. According to OECD Health (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD Health Data, June 2005), United Kingdom has twice the percentage of family physicians but half the cost to U. S.. Administrative overhead accounts for a major part of the high overhead cost (31%) of U. S. health care (Woolhandler et al. 2003). Countries with strong primary care have lower overall health care costs, improved health care outcomes, and healthier populations (Starfield, 2001; Phillips and Starfield, 2004). The shortage of Family physicians and Family medicine deficits also cause other problems in health care as follows: * Incomplete or unsuccessful Primary health care performance. * The gap between urban care and rural care in the health care network. * The competition among specialties: lack of cooperation in chronic disease care, increase the cost of management. * Barrier in teaching ambulatory care and doing out-patient’s research in academies (Pham Le An, 2009). In society, Family medicine meets some resistances of patients such as family hysicians are unfairly treated as â€Å"general consultants†, â€Å"home caring doctors† and even in medical community, they are considered as â€Å"incompetent doctor†, â€Å"poor specialist†, â€Å"unfair competitive doctor†.. e tc. Many other specialists and hospitals’ managements list Family physicians as one of financial losing causes to their hospitals. Such unfair treatments make many Family physicians feel uncomfortable with the specialty and their roles of Family physician. The reliability of patients and society to them is fairly low and this specialty does not attract the general practitioners to study. 5. Some proposed solutions amp; recommendations to improve Family medicine. In order to improve the Family medicine in Vietnam, it requires a comprehensive strategy with strong supports of government, educational institutes and society. Within the limit of this essay, I would like to propose some solutions and recommendations as follows: a. Increasing the quantity of Family physicians with additionally trained General practitioners and using the retired medical doctors: The greater the number of primary care physicians in a country, the lower is the mortality rate and the lower cost (Rakel, 2011). In the United States, a 20% increase in the number of primary care physicians is associated with a 5% decrease in mortality (40 fewer death per 100,000 population), but the benefit is even greater if the primary care physician is a family physician. Adding one more family physician per 10,000 people is associated with 70 fewer death per 100,000 population, which is a 9 reduction in mortality (Rakel 2011). A study of the major determinants of health outcomes in all 50 U. S. states found that when the number of specialty physicians increases, outcomes are worse, whereas mortality rates are lower where there are more primary care physicians (Starfield et al. , 2005). Starfield (2000) states, â€Å"the higher the primary care physician-to-population ratio, the better most health outcomes are† (p. 485). Researches in England reveal that with each Family doctor more in 10,000 people (about 20%), adjusted mortality will reduced about 5% in chronic diseases (Gulliford 2002). The increase of Family physicians obviously reduces the workload at Central level and specialty hospitals (49. 3% of out-patient and 59% of in-patient totally) because with many researches in the world, over 90% of patients are taken care with better service by Family physicians in developed medical or developed countries (Didier, 2011). They can help patients and their relatives in 80% health problems: acute or chronic diseases without complications or no need to transfer to Specialty hospitals (Dang Van Phuoc, 2012). To compensate the continuing decline of the number of students entering primary care as a common trend in the world (Bodenheimer et al. 2009) and insufficiency of graduated general practitioners, a policy to support general practitioners and retired medical doctors to practice as Family physicians such as additional training about Family medicine, financial supports, incentive†¦should be prepared and implemented. Rather than other countries where Family physicians usually work at home or their private clinics, Vietnam has a wide network of local level medical centers at wards/hamlets and popularly private clinics/medical units. This advantage allows Family physicians to practice and deploy the primary care programs easily and popularly. b. Family physician residency training programs: Quality of care and the inadequacy of medical training are two major concerns of Family physicians. Eventually, medical schools and residency programs graduated more specialists and fewer physicians trained for primary care. To improve their quality of care in accordance with global health principles, proposed solution is to build emerging curricula of family practice residency programs to envisioning family physicians as â€Å"horizontal specialists† who can deal with the large majority of patients’ needs on a continuing basis (Rakel, 2011) and envisioning this role as integrating humanized care with a high level of competence in scientific medicine. In contrast to the training of the general practitioner, the additional training that family physicians receive is intended to make them more proficient generalists in scientific medicine through formal training in appropriate interpersonal skills and in the behavioral and social sciences. Implementation of this role, however, requires reorganization within the medical system (Folsom, 1966) for continuing, comprehensive care by primary physician is difficult if not impossible within the normative organizational structures of highly specialized medical centers. As Family physicians play the important role in primary care, the Global health awareness program should be combined into General practitioner and Family physician’s training curriculum for being sure about the quality of â€Å"primary care† as follows: (i) Clerkship: adding knowledge of burden global disease in the world such as: tuberculosis, malaria, Preventive care: vaccination; improving skills such as clinical making decision, communication. ii) Orientation: Adding knowledge of new   emerging infectious disease like SARS, non communicable diseases, traumatism care, HIV/AIDS; (iii) Residents: adding knowledge of prenatal care,   neonatal care,   chronic care, mental health care, adolescen t care;   Emergency care in disaster; improving skills such as: doing research and practice Emergency care in disaster, Behavioral care after disaster, Kangoroo’s program, Obs-Gyn care program; building up the relationship center care with WIN- WIN theory for both developed and developing countries to increase of cooperation and Team work. In addition, the cooperation among experts in different medical fields should be strengthened for teaching, managing, doing research to promote the concept â€Å"relationship center care† through many activities: * Establish Continue Medical Education, Patient’s clubs. * Build the bridge or integrate the teaching contents   in Family medicine   with the other specialties like Pediatrics, Traditional Medicine ( Oriental nutrition, Shiatsu), Cancerology (Palliative care), Multidiscipline (Disaster care, EBM, chronic care). Communication through Internet/ Video conference and Electronic medical: The WHO 2008 report emphasiz es the appropriate ‘use of information and communication technologies to improve access, quality and efficiency in primary care. The writer has made a small contribution to basic patient education (also known as doctor education) by the production of common patient handouts which are available for print out from General practitioners’ computers or for one page photocopying from the book ‘Patient Education’ (Murtagh J; 2008). Besides the residency training programs, on-going training courses to improve the competences and skills of Family physicians should be set for attributes considered most important for patient satisfaction (Stock Keister et al. , 2004a). Overall, people want their primary care doctor to meet five basic criteria: â€Å"to be their insurance plan, to be in a location that is convenient, to be able to schedule an appointment within a reasonable period of time, to have good communication skills, and to have a reasonable amount of experience in practice†. They especially want â€Å"a physician who listens to them, who takes the time to explain things to them, and who is able to effectively integrate their care† (Stock Keister et al. , 2004b, p. 2312). c. Others solutions and recommendations (i) Building an incentive scheme and financial supporting policy to Family physicians, especially whom working in remote and rural areas: The effectiveness of this model had been proved in many countries, particularly in Thailand and Malaysia where healthcare conditions are fairly similar to Vietnam. Contrarily, the recent P4P (Pay for Performance) policy of Thailand’s of Ministry of Health to replace the incentive scheme to Family physicians creates several problems to healthcare force and patients and is considered as a main cause leading the Family physicians moving to major cities. With relation between income and satisfaction, in an analysis of 33 specialties in U. S. , Leigh and associates (2002) found that physicians in high-income â€Å"procedural† specialties, such as Obs – Gyn, ENT, ophthalmology and orthopedics, were the most dissatisfied. Physicians in these specialties and those in internal medicine were more likely than family physicians to be dissatisfied with their careers. Among the specialty areas most satisfying was geriatrics. Because the population older than 65 years old in U. S. has doubled since 1960 and will double again by 2030, it is important to have sufficient primary care physician to care for them. The need for and the rewards of this type of practice must be communicated to students before they decide how to spend the rest of their professional lives. Patient satisfaction correlates strongly with physician satisfaction, and physicians satisfied with their careers are more likely to provide better health care than dissatisfied ones. Physician satisfaction is associated with quality of care, particularly as measured by patient satisfaction. The strongest factors associated with physician satisfaction are not personal income, but rather the ability to provide high-quality care to patients. Physicians are most satisfied with their practice when they can have an ongoing relationship with their patients, the freedom to make clinical decisions without financial conflicts of interest adequate time with patient and sufficient communication with specialist (DeVoe et al. , 2002). Landonamp; colleagues (2003) found that rather than declining income, the strongest predictor of decreasing satisfaction in practice is the loss of clinical autonomy. This includes the inability to obtain services for their patients, control their time with patients, and the freedom to provide high-quality care. ii) Compulsorily assigning General practitioners/ Family physicians to practice at local level hospitals, the servicing term at local level hospitals must be reasonable and acceptable. (iii) Improving facilitates of local level hospitals/clinics , enforcing the lower level hospitals to implement modern technologies and quality control. This allows Family physicians to better serve patients as some achievements of Project 1816 of Vietnam Ministry of Health. (iv) Involving patients for private and family health care and prevention, structured information supporting treatment. (v) Improving the reputation of Family medicine and physicians in society through public media channels like television, newspaper.. etc, medical education programs and medical community. Even after the specialty is formally acknowledged by institutionalized medicine, family physicians have experienced a variety of negative responses from medical colleagues in other specialties. Carmichael (1978) perceived 3 stages in the reactions of those in medicine to Family medicine: first, the field was ignored; second, it was actively opposed; and then, family medicine is entering a third stage of possible co-optation by medicine. 6. Conclusion The weakness of Family medicine and insufficiency of family physicians cause many strategic consequences to the healthcare system in Vietnam. Their correction requires a long-term strategy to increase the quantity of Family physicians, quality of care, revise the residency training programs, improve its reputation in the society .. etc. In conclusion it seems appropriate to paraphrase Dr Robert Rakel in his keynote presentation to the 14th WONCA World Conference to reaffirm the Family medicine era in the contemporary medicine: â€Å"Regardless of how computer literate we are or how high our technology or whether the setting is urban or rural, good medical care in the future will continue to depend on patient care provided by a concerned and compassionate family physician. The physician will be governed by ethics, not economics, by a partnership with the patient, not politics; and by compassion and communication, and not by capitation. Good medical care in the future will depend, as it does now and always has, on the quality of our interaction with the patient† Dr Robert Rakel – 14th WONCA World Conference) REFERENCES 1. Alain J. Montegut, The Power of Primary Care for the Future of health care: Is Family Medicine the Answer? 1st International PHC Conference Doha, Qatar 1 4 November 2008 2. Bodenheimer et al. , 2009. Bodenheimer  T. ,  Grumbach  K. ,  Berenson  R. A. :  A lifeline for primary care. N Engl J Med  Ã‚  2009;  360:2693-2696. 3. Cogswell BE, Sussman MB, Family Medicine: A new Approach to Healthcare (Marriage amp; Family review, ISSN 0149-4929; v. 4, no. 1/2), The Haworth Press Inc. 1982. 4. Dang Van Phuoc : Plan to decrease workload of Central level hospitals 2012- 2020 Vietnam Ministry of Health, 2012. 5. Didier L. Roles of Family medicine, Texbook of Family medicine for the co-operation between Liege University Brussel and Vietnam, Medicine Publisher, 2009. 6. DeVoe et al. , 2002. DeVoe  J. ,  Fryer  G. E. ,  Hargraves  L. ,  et al:  Does career dissatisfaction affect the ability of family physicians to deliver high-quality patient care?. J  Fam Pract  Ã‚  2002;  51:223-228. 7. Gulliford, J Public Health Med 2002; 24:252-4, and personal communication 9/04. 8. Landon et al. , 2003. Landon  B. E. ,  Reschovsky  J. ,  Blume nthal  D. :  Changes in career satisfaction among primary care and specialist physicians, 1997–2001. JAMA  Ã‚  2003;  289:442-449. 9. Leigh et al. , 2002. Leigh  J. P. ,  Kravitz  R. L. ,  Schembri  M. ,  et al:  Physician career satisfaction across specialties. Arch Intern Med  Ã‚  2002;  162:1577-1584. 10. Murtagh J: The road to excellence. Australian doctor 3 2008, 46-8. 11. Murtagh J: Paradigms of Family medicine: bringing traditions with new concepts; meeting the challenge of being the good doctor from 2011, Asia Pacific Family Medicine, 2011, 10:9 12. Murtagh J: Patient education. 5 edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill; 2008. 13. Pereira Gray DJ: Just a GP. J R Coll Gen Pract 1980, 30:231-239 14. Pham Le An, Integrate the issue of global health in FM curriculum: promising solution for improving the quality f Primary care in Hochiminh city, Vietnam  , Introducion FM concept: global healh, texbook of Family medicine, Vietnamese version, Medicine Publisher, 2009. 15. Pham Le An, Global health perspective in Vietnam, A â€Å"Train the Trainer’s Workshop†   WONCA   ASIAN PACIFIC Vietnam Ho Chi Minh city, 2008 16. Phillips and Starfield, 2004. Phillips  R. L. ,  Starfield  B. :  Why does a U. S. primary care physician workforce crisis matter?. Am Fam Physician  Ã‚  2004;  70:440-446. 17. Rakel RE: Family medicine-meeting new challenges. Australian Family Physician 1996, 25(9 Suppl 2):S91-6. 18. Rakel RE: The Family Physician, Textbook of Family Medicine, Eight Edition, Elsevier Saunders, 2011, pp4-15 19. Rivo et al. , 1994. Rivo  M. L. ,  Saultz  J. W. ,  Wartman  S. A.   et al:  Defining the generalist physician’s training. JAMA  Ã‚  1994;  271:1499-1504. 20. Smith et al. , 2002. Smith  P. C. ,  Westfall  J. M. ,  Nicholas  R. A. :  Primary care family physicians and 2 hospitalist models: comparison of outcomes, processes, and costs. J Fam Pract  Ã‚  2002;  51:1021-1027. 21. Starfield, 1994. Starfield  B. :  Is primary care essential?. Lancet  Ã‚  1994;  344:1129-1133. 22. Starfield, 2000. Starfield  B. :  Is U. S. hea lth really the best in the world?. JAMA  Ã‚  2000;  284:483-485. 23. Starfield, 2001. Starfield  B. :  New paradigms for quality in primary care. Br J Gen Pract  Ã‚  2001;  51:303-309. 24. Starfield et al. , 2002. Starfield  B. ,  Forrest  C. B. ,  Nutting  P. A.   et al:  Variability in physician referral decisions. J Am Board Fam Pract  Ã‚  2002;  15:473-480. 25. Starfield et al. , 2005. Starfield  B. ,  Shi  L. ,  Grover  A. ,  et al:  The effects of specialist supply on populations’ health: assessing the evidence. Health Aff (Millwood)  Ã‚  2005;  24:W5-97-W5-107 26. Stock Keister et al. , 2004a. Stock Keister  M. C. ,  Green  L. A. ,  Kahn  N. B. ,  et al:  What people want from their family physician. Am Fam Physician  Ã‚  2004;  69:2310. 27. Stock Keister et al. , 2004b. Stock Keister  M. C. ,  Green  L. A. ,  Kahn  N. B. ,  et al:  Few people in the United States can identify primary care physicians. Am Fam Physician  Ã‚  2004;  69:2312. 28. Susan JA, Vietnam’s Healthcare system: A Macroeconomic Perspective, Paper Prepared for the International Symposium on Health Care Systems in Asia Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, 2005. 29. Vietnam Ministry of Health: Plan to decrease workload of Central level hospitals 2012- 2020, 2012. 30. Woolhandler et al. , 2003. Woolhandler  S. ,  Campbell  T. ,  Himmelstein  D. U. :  Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J Med  Ã‚  2003;  349:768-775. 31. World Health Organisation: The World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care now more than ever Geneva; 2008. 32. World Health Organisation: World Health Report 2009: Promoting health and development-closing the implement gap Geneva; 2009. -oOo-

Special Education Collaboration and Communication free essay sample

In the past, special professionals have serviced children with disabilities. This type of special servicing was needed to optimize the socialization that children with disabilities were getting by being integrated into the structure of an existing educational mainstream. It was needed because the mainstream structure is designed to meet the socialization needs of the majority rather than the individual. The† inclusion† philosophy is that classrooms, or the educational mainstream, must be restructured to meet the individual needs of all students, thereby accommodating individual differences. In such a set-up, I could advocate a process that involves a support system that would include reading specialists, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, and psychologists. These specialists would come to the regular classroom instead of pulling the child out for services. I would advocate for a team-up in the monitoring and evaluation of these special children. Another possible issue, which I can advocate for these special students, could be the provision of appropriate interactive activities such as cooperative learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Education: Collaboration and Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cooperative learning as an educational goal structure here would involve a set of strategies that organizes students into small groups of five or six and gives them a task to constructively work with others. The child with disabilities can be part of the group, making a contribution according to the ability (Kirk, Gallagher Anastasiow, 1993).   Cooperative learning structures also provide opportunities for reinforcement and tutoring. Similarly, knowing that reinforcement increases the chance of a behavior being repeated, children without disabilities can reinforce certain behaviors in children with disabilities. While helping children to learn, tutoring or direct instruction also provides an opportunity for close social interaction. The learner gets instruction, and the tutor gains sensitivity to others, communication skills, and an opportunity to nurture. While the learner gains individual attention and an opportunity for cognitive growth, the tutor gains self-confidence and esteem. This would be more of a peer-to-peer set-up but one that would have to be properly supervised yet generate a healthy sense of fulfillment for everyone. Meanwhile, some of the ways I could advocate on the families’ behalf is by empowering them to become involved in school and education when they vote. There is an important need to elect people to serve on the local school board to make decisions about educational goals, school facilities, budget allocations, personnel, student standards of achievement and conduct, and evaluation methods. Obviously, this advocacy is indirect, but nonetheless influential. Another advocacy issue is to collaborate with the parents and empower them by implementing assignment monitoring and workshops that enable them to learn how to help their underachieving students. This program demonstrates that the school cares about the parents and the success of their children (Hyde, 1992). The factors that may hamper efforts are conflict, confusion, lack of consensus in goals or mismatch in motivation or cognitive skills (Hess Holloway, 1984). For instance, a mismatch in the way language is used in a special education set-up in school and the community can result in learning problems for the child (Heath, 1983). Moreover, the school’s effectiveness as a socializing agent is affected by the community where the child lives, the child’s family’s socioeconomic status and attitude toward education, the size of the school, the size of the child’s class, the arrangement of the classroom environment, certain psychological characteristics of the child, the child’s peers and the type of program that is the educational environment for the child. These are some of the factors that could stop the ability to affect them. Indeed, the key to complementary goals in a special education set-up is communication. The school and the community need to interact with the family so that goals for the child are complementary rather than contradictory. The school and the family need to constantly talk to each other about their attitudes regarding education of their special children. REFERENCES Heath, S. B. (1983). Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and  classrooms. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Hess, R.D.   Holloway, S.D. (1984). Family and school as educational institutions. In R.D. Parke (ed) Review of Child Development Research. Vol. 7: The Family,  Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hyde, D. (1992). School-parent collaboration results in academic achievement. NASSP  Bulletin, 76(543), 39-42. Kirk, S., Gallagher, J.J. Anastasiow, N.J.   (1993). Educating exceptional children (7th  ed). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Free Essays on FDR New Deal

â€Å"I pledge you – I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people†, Roosevelt at the Democratic convention in 1932 in Chicago. Relief, recovery, and reform. These were the three main points in Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s approach to getting America back on its feet, when he was inaugurated in 1933. In the midst of the worst recession God’s own country had ever seen, here was a man who finally cared, and a man who wanted to do something about the problems that America had faced for some years now. Unlike the president before him, Herbert Hoover, who blamed foreign countries for America’s hardship and who wanted to see the economy be left alone for it to rise again, Roosevelt wanted to deal with the crisis hands-on, and with each troubled issue separately. Not being afraid of abandoning political principles for the sake of a better outcome, he saw each problem as exactly that, a problem. A problem that needed to be solved. The New Deal can be broken into two New Deals. The first New Deal was initiated virtually the first day Roosevelt was in office. His first initiative was to end the banking industry crisis sparked by the depression. With his and the New Deal’s very pragmatic way of dealing with problems, Roosevelt simply closed all banks, then reopening the ones seemingly strong enough to survive, while closing the weak ones, and financially aiding those with momentary solvency difficulties. This immediately reinstated Americans trust in the banking system, causing the American people to once again making deposits instead of withdrawals, and thereby eliminating the crisis. This kind of experimental policy-making was typical for Roosevelt’s New Deal. Many of his initiatives were successful, but quite a few also failed to succeed. The point was that finally somebody tried to do something at least. For too many years, government officials had sat on their hands and tried to let the crisis solve itself. Now the New... Free Essays on FDR New Deal Free Essays on FDR New Deal â€Å"I pledge you – I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people†, Roosevelt at the Democratic convention in 1932 in Chicago. Relief, recovery, and reform. These were the three main points in Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s approach to getting America back on its feet, when he was inaugurated in 1933. In the midst of the worst recession God’s own country had ever seen, here was a man who finally cared, and a man who wanted to do something about the problems that America had faced for some years now. Unlike the president before him, Herbert Hoover, who blamed foreign countries for America’s hardship and who wanted to see the economy be left alone for it to rise again, Roosevelt wanted to deal with the crisis hands-on, and with each troubled issue separately. Not being afraid of abandoning political principles for the sake of a better outcome, he saw each problem as exactly that, a problem. A problem that needed to be solved. The New Deal can be broken into two New Deals. The first New Deal was initiated virtually the first day Roosevelt was in office. His first initiative was to end the banking industry crisis sparked by the depression. With his and the New Deal’s very pragmatic way of dealing with problems, Roosevelt simply closed all banks, then reopening the ones seemingly strong enough to survive, while closing the weak ones, and financially aiding those with momentary solvency difficulties. This immediately reinstated Americans trust in the banking system, causing the American people to once again making deposits instead of withdrawals, and thereby eliminating the crisis. This kind of experimental policy-making was typical for Roosevelt’s New Deal. Many of his initiatives were successful, but quite a few also failed to succeed. The point was that finally somebody tried to do something at least. For too many years, government officials had sat on their hands and tried to let the crisis solve itself. Now the New...

Five Guys Burgers

Five Guys Burgers Company history and products offering The Five Guys Company was established in 1986 as a family-operated business in Arlington, Virginia. The initial focus of the company was to serve the best burgers around Washington, D.C. As the popularity of the company increased and business flourished, it expanded to other major cities in the United State and Canada.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Five Guys Burgers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, Five Guys expanded their products portfolio and included other fast food meals. This was intended to cater for the differing needs of the growing number of customers as well as enhancing the competitive advantage. Due to extensive franchising that had begun in 2002, the company presently operates over 900 franchise outlets in the United States and Canada. Across all the Five Guys locations, there are five common product lines that appear on the menus namely: bu rgers, dogs, sandwiches, fries and drinks. Each of these product lines may carry a range of three to eight product varieties. The burger product line is the oldest line and the major focus of the company as it reflects the quality trademark that is sold across the American market. Products offered under the burger product line include hamburger, cheeseburger, bacon burger, bacon cheeseburger, little hamburger, littler cheeseburger, little bacon burger and little bacon cheeseburger (Five Guys, 2010). Within this product line, the cheeseburger is the most popular product and comprises of about 90% of the total burger sales. Reasons for buying from Five Guys For a very long time, Five Guys brand has been commended on their aptitude to avoid being recognized as a fast food restaurant and promising that the customers are getting quality products all the time, at any restaurant. The quality control that they preach is evident in their preparation procedures. Indeed, the aptitude of the co mpany is available in all parts of the United States, no matter where the customers are, with any product they would like. Customers cannot get the double patty usually known as the New Yorker with all toppings offered for free at McDonalds. Yet, they can have it their own way at any of the Five Guys locations stacked with mushrooms, fried onions and steak source if they like. In addition, there are over 250,000 ways in which a customer can order a burger at the company. Customers can trust the company that quality will be maintained and the orders delivered contain foods that are never frozen but cooled.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cheeseburger which is the core product of the company has specific features and benefits that echo in the minds of many customers around United States. Indeed, the launching of the cheeseburger in Houston caused a major loc al buzz as eager consumers tried the burger, with the First Lady stating publicly that the brand was her preferred burger treat (GRM TX, Inc., 2009). The cheeseburger contains 100% fresh beef with no fillers or preservatives, providing the greatest health advantage to the consumers. The burger is served with as many free toppings as a customer would wish to have. It also comes in different sizes which range from 265 grams for cheeseburger to 317 grams for bacon cheeseburger. While the little cheeseburger is served with one patty, the regular one is served with two. The necessary nutrition elements such as calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium, fiber and protein are maintained at an acceptable level. On average, there are about 840 calories in a single burger serving which is quite normal, but the high fat and sodium content could be a health issue for the company and a market disadvantage in future. Quality control procedure As noted earlier, maintaining the best quality is the priorit y and focus of Five Guys. The company has always preached quality control. Their burns are toasted on a grill. Indeed, a burn toaster is quicker and the toasts produced are more even, although, it does not provide the caramelized taste. The beef used for their cheeseburgers is 80 percent lean, never put in a freezer and all burgers are handmade. The quality of the production process as well as the final products is observed in all locations. At each site, food preparation is exactly the same in order for the customers to get dependable, high quality meals. For instance, all of the bread used in all locations is made from a particular recipe and ordered from the same supplier. Other raw materials such as potatoes and lettuce are also bought from the same farms. In addition, all the staffs are required to go through the same training in regard to food preparation before any assignment is disbursed. Through these manufacturing activities, Five Guys has been able to powerfully control t he quality of its products across all the 900 locations. In addition to that, quality control is ensured at the company through secret buyers who are sent by the management to all restaurants twice a week. These shoppers taste various products at different times noting down the extent to which the franchisees deviate from the rule.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Five Guys Burgers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brothers or founders also visit the locations frequently to ensure that quality is maintained. In case of severe cases regarding to poor quality and service, the franchisee may lose the contract. However, due to the strong brand name, all franchisees have maintained high quality standards which have led to good overall performance of the company. Analyzing the market share through a questionnaire Do you prefer Five Guys to other fast food restaurants? Why or Why not? According to you, is Five Guys the most popular fast food restaurant for the Americans? Why? Given a 5-point scale where 5 stand for best and 1 for worst in that order, where would you place Five Guys in regard to performance? In regard to age, which group do you think is best represented by Five Guys’ customers? Do men visit the Five Guys restaurants more frequently than women? Why or Why not? Do you think that these customers are there on their first time, second time or on one of their frequent visits? What do you think is the most attractive aspect of the company? Do you think their functions and products reflect what they claim to be? The Five Guys cheeseburger is the most popular products offered by the company. Do you agree with the statement or not? Why? Why would you go for Five Guys cheeseburger instead of the McDonald or other fast food chain? Do you think the cheeseburger offered in the company has the health benefits sort by consumers? Where did you learn about the burger or when did you hear about the product? Do you think the communication channel used by the company is effective? If no, which one would you suggest to be appropriate? Why? In general, do you think the cheeseburger sale is currently performing at its best or can be improved? Marketing strategies In essence, the marketing strategies for Five Guys have not concentrated much on advertising. The company has invested in a comprehensive secret shoppers program. In this program, the restaurant staffs receive generous rewards by getting information from secret shoppers. In fact, the firm budgeted for $8 million investment in secret shoppers program in 2009 (York, 2009). This marketing on shoppers’ bonuses has been the major barrier to adopt conventional advertisements. However, Five Guys engage in some form of advertising. For instance, they have been identified to use five prints adverts, interactive adverts for their website and fan boards for guerilla marketing reasons. These kinds of marketing strat egies are usually implemented in form of a marketing campaign. Sales trend Since 2002 when Five Guys entered the franchising business, their sales have grown tremendously. As more stores are opened in untapped markets, sales climb accordingly. In 2010, the company indicated the highest growth of 70.31% for its burger (Journalistic Inc., 2012). This was more than triple its closest competitor with 21% growth in sandwich sales. In 2011, the company sales rose by 34.7% according to a report by Techncomic, an industry consultant. Future sales are expected to increase as new restaurants are franchised and more product launches are implemented. Five Guys commercial analysis Most of the commercials created by Five Guys emphasize on the quality and uniqueness of their cheeseburger. In the commercial â€Å"Jeeves, I’m Hungry†, the concept of Five Guys is revealed. This commercial shows that price is not as important as the quality provided by the company. Five Guys cheeseburger is for those consumers who seek to remain healthy and active. The commercial is targeted for young upcoming consumers who are vulnerable to poor health conditions. It tends to show to consumers that many burgers are just at their doorsteps and what is important is to identify which is Five Guys’ cheeseburger and ultimately make a healthy living. Unfortunately, the setting of the commercial appeals to only those who can afford the plush living. It fails to demonstrate the restaurant experience that is more relevant to the company’s franchising business. Consumers do not only need the quality products, but a good service to accompany and fulfill the quality aspect.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The analysis of Five Guys indicates that the company has been performing better than other competitors, yet the cheeseburger as the core product shows some weaknesses concerning health effects. The firm should reduce fat and sodium content to meet the 30% limit for healthy consumption. Since this idea of poor health state is widespread, the change must be communicated through various media channels such as internet, print, radio and television to accommodate all potential consumers. This is justified by the fact that Five Guys is expanding and different consumers with different preferences are being targeted by individual franchisees. If the company shows commitment to healthy living, then the threat posed by organic food providers will be neutralized. References Five Guys. (2010). Five Guys burgers and fries. Web. Global Reality and Management TX, Inc. (2009). Five Guys Burger and Fries to open Katy, Texas location in global reality’s Westgate marketplace. Web. Jo urnalistic Inc. (2012). The top 50 brands in the nation ranked by sales. Web. York, E. B. (2009). Five Guys: an America’s hottest brands case study. AdvertisingAge. Web.

Marketing research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Marketing - Research Paper Example The new system created a good data warehousing and customer data-analysis systems. The new system resulted in the a 300% increase in returns on investment between 1998 and 2000 (Gamble et al, 2010). Through the system, Cathay Pacific got information to support decision making. This resulted in the consolidation of data, more personalized service and improved target marketing. The Airline also introduced the Marco Polo Club in 1995 which is a brand loyalty programme meant to reward customers and encourage them to get some kind of compensation to stick to the Cathay Pacific (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2012). Marco Polo Club is a part of One-World Alliance. The Marco Polo Club has four classes, Green, Silver, Gold and Diamond. Each class has its own benefits. Amongst the many benefits include the fact that Silver members can pay the rate of the economy class and check in at the business class. Gold members on the business class can check into One World Alliance Executive lounges in Airports a round the world. Diamond members can have some excess luggage when they travel in the business class. (Horner and Swarbrooke, 2012). This programme has worked successfully for Cathay Pacific for all these years. Research Question Questions Cathay Pacific is currently a very profitable business venture. It is successful in many different areas and parts of Asia and the Pacific region. The Airline continues to attract more customers and it remains competitive ahead of other regional players like Emirates and other players from different parts of the Southern continent world. This research would seek to examine some important elements and important components of the success of Cathay Pacific. This research would set off to ask: what customer relations management system does Cathay Pacific use? What is the role of the customer information system in promoting customer relations in the Airline? What is the system of operation of the One-World Alliance and Marco Polo Club? What do customer s say about these loyalty programmes and systems of Cathay Pacific? Research Aims and Objectives The aim of the research is to examine: the effectiveness of the customer relations management systems of Cathay Pacific in the promoting corporate image and enhancing customer loyalty. In doing this, the following objectives would be assessed: 1. A critical examination of the customer relations management (CRM) system of Cathay Pacific. 2. An assessment of the effectiveness of the Cathay Pacific loyalty programmes. 3. Effects of customer loyalty programmes of Cathay Pacific on customer loyalty and corporate image. 4. Examination of the impact of customer relationship management on Cathay Pacific. Research Method The research methodology is the approach that is used to enquire into a given matter to attain the objectives of a given research (Saunders et al, 2009). The research methodology refers to the various activities that are carried out in order to attain the aim of a research. In or der to attain the research results, there would be four distinctive phases that would be carried out to complete the study. The research would involve the collection of data, analysis of the data and conclusion. Data Collection Data would involve information collected from primary and secondary sources. This data would be collected in correspondence with the four objectives. In the first phase, data would be collected from secondary sources. This would involve inf

Crime after crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime after crime - Essay Example 106-109). She is just but an ordinary woman who got roped in by being in the wrong place at the wrong time. She was denied her right to a fair trial, and was put behind bars as a result of flaws within criminal justice system and prosecutions. The film deciphers an intersectional Deborah, with her multiple identities and their disadvantages (Intersectionality: A Tool for Gender and Economic Justice, 2004, pp. 1-2). When she was finally released after her case was reopened, she had already lost precious twenty years of her life, whereas had the legal system been just, she would have had to spend only six years in jail. The misunderstandings and misconceptions that clouded her case finally got public after the release of this documentary feature film. The film had not only invoked protests and discontent all across USA, but has also bagged a number of prestigious awards at Spokane, Milan and Berkshire International Film Festival, National Board of Review, Atlanta and Rochester Film Fes tivals, and Golden Gate Award. Deborah Paeglar, the protagonist of Yoav Potash’s Crime After Crime, was a regular normal teenager till she met Oliver Wilson. Teenager Debbie bumped into him and instantly got attracted. In spite of being a teenage mother already having a daughter, she entered into a relationship with Oliver and even bore a baby, a daughter again. However, soon things took a different turn. Peace, harmony and love soon ended in her new life with Oliver. She came to know that Oliver was a pimp. When she was asked for the same, she refused. In return she received severe beatings with a bullwhip at a tender age of 15. Year after year Oliver made her work as a prostitute. At the same time she was subjected to fierce domestic violence. Mentally and physically, she became a shattered person. Her tolerance and patience came to an end when Oliver molested her six- year old daughter. She tried to flee with her two daughters but she was unable to do so. She got beatings on a regular basis. Things got even worse when Oliver got involved into a firearm case and had to spend a night in jail. This made Deborah’s mother much worried for her daughter’s safety. She planned to seek help from some local gang members in order to teach Oliver a lesson. Her motif was to reconcile the differences between Deborah and Oliver. But in the brawl, the two gang members ended up murdering Oliver. Due to this Deborah found herself facing a row of criminal charges. In the meantime she had come across a life- insurance policy. This further worsened her strand. Series of trials and prosecutions went on and she was finally convicted in 1983. She fought her legal battle with the help of two pro- bono attorneys, Nadia Costa and Joshua Safran, and was finally set free. Deborah Peaglar, the African- American woman, had to face the pains rewarded by the toughest anticrime legislation, the Californian law. Women, like men, were treated harshly and were given equal p unishments as men. They were tied in chains, put in boot camps and had to face all types of physical violence (Aday, 2003, pp. 125-127). They were given little chance to present petitions or appeal for defense. Thus fighting legal battles become more and more difficult for battered women like Deborah. Also, her not being ‘white’ further delayed the legal proceedings. Often the prisoners are identified on basis of their â€Å"sex, race, sexual orientation, gender, religion, class, age and ability†

Enhanced Oil Recovery Essay Example for Free

Enhanced Oil Recovery Essay Oil and Gas refers to the naturally occurring liquid and natural gas specifically made up of long chain hydrocarbons and various organic compounds found beneath the surface of the earth in entrapments called reservoirs; the presence of oil and gas in these reservoirs is the reason humans survive everyday and carry out their daily activities effectively. Different activities are usually carried out to ensure that the oil and gas present in the reservoirs continue to support humans through their day-to-day activities; such activities include exploration, development, production and finally, abandonment and reclamation. This process is what is referred to as â€Å"the oil and gas process†. On completion of this process, numerous efforts are made to increase the quantity of oil that can be extracted again from the oil well and we refer to these efforts as â€Å"recovery†. There are three main types of recovery, primary recovery (solution gas, gas cap and natural water drive) secondary recovery (gas injection and water flooding) and tertiary recovery (enhanced oil recovery EOR, polymer flooding and steam flooding). In this article, analysis on the â€Å"enhanced oil recovery† technology and trends will be emphasized upon. Enhanced oil recovery becomes very vital when oil production has to be increased to obtain a recovery percentage of at least 75% (Rigzone, 2009). This can only achieved by using any of the four basic methods of EOR; these methods include chemical flooding, miscible gas displacement, thermal recovery and microbial EOR. Among these four mentioned, â€Å"Thermal methods are the oldest EOR methods, they have been developed over the last thirty years† (Elsevier, 1981). Miscible gas displacement also called â€Å"gas injection† by some engineers refers to the process of injecting CO2, natural gas and Nitrogen into a reservoir; â€Å"in miscible gas displacement, the gas is injected at or above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) which causes the gas to be miscible in oil† (Bandar, 2007). Chemical flooding also called â€Å"chemical injection† involves injecting chemicals such as a polymer directly into the reservoir to enhance the oil recovery. Thermal recovery introduces heat to the reservoir to reduce the viscosity of the oil. Many times, steam is applied to the reservoir, thinning the oil and enhancing its ability to flow (Rigzone, 2009). Over 50% of the tertiary recovery method employed by the United States of America is the thermal recovery method. The most common gas employed when â€Å"gas injection† is being used is the CO2 (carbon dioxide) gas. The two major reasons why carbon dioxide is used are because it is miscible with crude oil and also it is the cheapest of all the other miscible fluids present. Carbon dioxide injection into the reservoir based on previous experiences has shown that a recovery of up to 15% of the oil that was originally in the reservoir is achievable. With the injection of the carbon dioxide gas, changes occur in the reservoir such and temperature and pressure changes. Through the changes in temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide can form a solid, liquid, gas and supercritical fluid (Teledyne, 2007). Furthermore, when carbon dioxide has been injected into the reservoir, it begins to form a homogeneous mixture with the crude oil thus, the light hydrocarbons, which are present in the crude, mix with the carbon dioxide gas and this dissolves the oil. Upon miscibility of the carbon dioxide gas and the crude, the physical forces separating the liquid phase and the gaseous phase gives way and this helps the carbon dioxide gas move the oil from the rocks towards the wells for production. According to the USDOE, a very good example of an applied carbon dioxide gas injection technique is the  Wasson. Fields Denver Unit CO2 EOR project which has resulted  in  more than 120 million incremental barrels  of  oil through 2008 (2010). Moreover, carbon dioxide is not the only gas employed when the gas injection technique is employed. Nitrogen is another gas commonly used for gas injection basically to maintain the reservoir pressure; it can also be employed when gas cycling and gas lifting are to be employed. The minimum miscibility pressure of nitrogen depends largely on the pressure, temperate and the composition of the reservoir fluid. According to Schlumberger, â€Å"above the MMP, nitrogen injection is a miscible vaporizing drive. Miscibility of nitrogen can be achieved only with light oils that are at high pressures; therefore, the miscible method is suitable only in deep reservoirs† (2011). Both methods of miscible injection from past experiences have proved very effective. When oil has been effectively recovered from these reservoirs using the miscible gas, the gas that has mixed with the recovered oil is separated from the oil and re-injected into the reservoir to enhance the oil recovery once again. This process can be repeated until the reservoir is completely depleted and cannot produce any more oil. Note that nitrogen gas injection is used when dealing with reservoir containing light oils and also very economical allowing a recovery of up to 40%. A practical example of nitrogen gas injection is in the Cantarell oil field in Mexico. Upon application of this enhanced oil recovery methods, there was a noticeable increase in the oil production from 1. 9 million bpd to 2. 1 million bpd. Fig 1: Typical illustration of the miscible gas process using CO2 and water (University of Kansas, 1999) Chemical flooding can also be referred to as chemical injection and is the process whereby chemicals and polymers are injected into a reservoir to increase its â€Å"recovery factor†. EOR methods involving the use of polymers usually yield a recovery range of ~6% to ~30%. When these chemicals are injected into the reservoir, the oil that is trapped there is released thus it can flow freely into the production wells. Furthermore, â€Å"polymers help increase the effectiveness of water-floods and boost the efficiency of surfactants† (Duncan, Ferguson, Sudip and Neptune, 2011). The use of polymers in chemical injection further helps to enhance the competence of the surfactants and also the efficiency of the water flooding; to be precise, water soluble polymers are best used for this process. The polymer that is regularly utilised during the process is the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and with development in technology, the quality has improved over time. In order to achieve the best results from the chemical injection process, there are certain characteristics that need to be in place. These characteristics include â€Å"high remaining oil saturation, low water-flood residual saturation, high permeability and porosity, high polymer concentration and slug size, fresh water and soft water and reservoir temperatures of less than 220F† (Gary, 2007). Favourable characteristics are not limited to these that have just been mentioned but if these characteristics are present, then the expected recovery from the reservoir in question would be satisfactory as up to ~30% recovery is achievable. Moreover, economics have shown that chemical flooding is not profitable when the price of the surfactants is compared with that of the price of oil; it usually cost a lot to obtain the surfactants needed to recover oil from reservoirs and in some cases, the chemicals which are injected into the reservoir are more expensive than the oil which they extract from that reservoir. Chemical flooding can prove to be very pricy and at the same time provide the engineers with the needed results. Thermal recovery is usually applied to reservoirs with depths lesser than 3000ft. These reservoirs usually contain very viscous oil. There are four main types of thermal flooding that can be applied to any reservoir; they include: Fig 3: The steam injection process (The Piping Guide, 2009) 1. Cyclic stem injection: Popularly known as the â€Å"huff and puff† technique, it differs from all other types of thermal flooding in that it uses a central well to carry out every function from the injection of steam to the extraction of oil. The technique is quite straightforward, steam is pumped into the well and the well is covered up for some time so that the steam can get to the reservoir rocks and upon arrival, the steam enhances the oil flow. To improve the oil flow further, this process can be repeated over again which leads to a new process called â€Å"steam drive†. 2. Steam drive: In this process, steam is re-injected into the reservoir constantly. Moreover, this process cannot be as effective as required if the reservoir rocks have fractures. If there were fractures, â€Å"the steam would simply head straight through those into the producing wells instead of working its way through the reservoir rock† (Anon. , 2008). After the steam is injected, underlying heat is formed and this eventually aids the oil to flow with ease. 3. Thermally assisted gas-oil gravity drainage: this process is best suited for highly fractured reservoirs. In this process, the steam is injected directly into these fractures to reduce the viscosity of the oil and allow it flow easily. According to the petroleum development Oman, the steam â€Å"just needs to get the oil flowing more easily. This then allows gravity to take effect, causing the oil to drain down into the fractures and then into horizontal producing wells that are situated towards the bottom of the reservoir† (2008). 4. In-situ combustion: In this process, a reasonable quantity of the oil in the reservoir is actually set on fire to act as a steam and gas generator. According to the petroleum development Oman â€Å"it’s the trickiest of the four main thermal EOR methods to get right. It is generally only used in a reservoir that has high permeability (i. e. fluids can flow easily through the reservoir rock) and even then only as a last resort† (2008). Some of the oil might be lost during burning but more can be recovered as a result of the steam that has been generated that drives the oil towards the producing well. MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR) Microbial enhanced oil recovery also known as microbial flooding refers to the process whereby microorganisms are injected into the reservoir to increase oil production from a well. The process of MEOR is a biological based technology in which these microorganisms react with the reservoir fluids in order to mobilize the oil and move it towards the production wells. Usually, MEOR is used in the third stage of EOR after 12% to 20% of the oil in the well has already been recovered. The characteristics of the reservoir in which the MEOR process is being applied will greatly have an effect on its success. There are two types of MEOR, â€Å"those in which the microorganisms react with reservoir fluids to generate surfactants and those that react with microorganisms to generate polymers† (Ronald, 2001). MEOR is an economical way of increasing oil production and as genetic technology keeps improving, it would become the most attractive and cheapest method of enhanced oil recovery as the improvement lowers the cost of oil production. Conclusively, certain strains of bacteria that exist and are used for the MEOR method sometimes do not survive due to the harsh conditions they encounter in the reservoirs but as mentioned earlier, microbiologists are working on a different strain of bacteria that can survive in the reservoirs irrespective of these harsh conditions. Enhanced oil recovery has an outstanding economic potential to increase oil recovery thereby maximizing profit. EOR also has it disadvantages that have negative effects on the ecosystem. Steam injection causes serious air pollution and also, polymer flooding which falls under chemical injection also leads to contamination of underground water which eventually makes it unfit for consumption. Furthermore, during the EOR process, a substance called â€Å"brine† is produced at the surface of the well; this substance is highly toxic and also radioactive. On exposure to humans, it can be very dangerous and highly detrimental. In my opinion, more research on how the chemical injection process can be carried out without affecting the underground water supply and also how the thermal process of steam injection can be done safely without a threat to the atmosphere. Regulations put in place to control the environmental impacts of EOR should be as strict as possible so that eventually, the eco-system is preserved and oil and gas companies can still maximize profit.

Young Offenders Act :: Free Essay Writer

I am writing this essay on the Young Offenders Act for a few reasons. One being that I am a special agent sent from the future keep the fate of this Grade 11 English credit comfortably in Justin Faviere's upcoming report card. Secondly, I am trying to educate people who may not be aware of the benefits of the Act, or simply disagree with my opinion that the Young Offenders Act is a crucial part of our judicial system, regardless of it's imperfections. And last but not least, so I can educate myself on other people's ideas as to why they think that we should not have a Young Offenders Act. At the beginning of my freefall known as `teenhood' I commited many crimes, and participated in many criminal activities. However, as I think back to them now, I regret each and every one. I have had sleep overs in juvenile jail, and worked many community service hours. I wish that I had never participated in these criminal acts, however, luckily to the young offenders act, I was given the chance to put my stupidity behind me and have my criminal record deleted now that I am the age of majority, and not have the burden of my childish mistakes lingering over my shoulder for the rest of my life. If there was no such thing as the young offenders act, I would most likely be turned down for most jobs, for I know as a fact, that my work place at the present time (and many others) wouldn't hire someone with a criminal record. I ask everyone reading this, not to think of this as only law. I would like all of you to think of the youths as individual people, that have a bright future ahead of them, after they make the decision to change and mature to the next step of the game of life. Though the individual may be currently stuck in the brain cloud of teenhood, as most people are at some point over those trying years, I am a firm believer in the idea that anyone can change if they want to and the Young offenders Act gives those people that chance to put it completely behind them. I definitely think that punishments should fit their crimes and their are some that need to be a little more leanient and some that need to be toughened up.

Women in today’s society

Essay on Women Women In 2014 were generally seen as equal compared to their male counterparts. Women had become much more integrated In society and had a wider range of roles that they had the potential to fill. Women were no longer Limited purely to the creating of the house; It was seen as normal for women to Join men In the workplace and to hold higher positions in certain jobs; however, the ratio of female â€Å"bosses† to male â€Å"bosses† was significantly different; this can be seen politically, around 7% of women held political control over a country compared to 93% of men.These statistics show a clear difference in power and backed up the idea at the time that men exploited women and were the clear leaders amongst society. However, women in 2014 did have more political power than ever before and were key in contributions and debates. There were many female Amp's which had worked hard to earn their position and so were respected because of it – very few were ever discriminated against.Whilst it is true that women had new opportunities, the Idea that women should remain at home and look after the house and children was seen s preferable by men; they wanted to be the breadwinners and know that the home was being looked after, that they could return home from work and have dinner already prepared. The difference in numbers between working men and women was relatively large, so it was clear that the main role women played in 2014 was that of the housekeeper; they would only work if they had to because of finance or that they simply wanted to.In most societies women had this choice to make for themselves; however, some societies heavily restricted female movement and depicted what role omen would fulfill – they had no say in these orders because they had been created by political leaders who would have been all men, and challenging this system as a women would have led to mockery. One big difference between men and women in the w orkplace was payment. Even in more equal societies, men earned more than women. This was the case even In dangerous Jobs such as the army.There was no real reason as to why women were paid less, one can only assume that It's because men saw them as less able or thought that they should focus primarily on the should. This example of women generally receiving less payment than men shows how women were discriminated against on a larger basis, compared to men. The word sexist in 2014 was generally assumed to be more directed and relevant to women due to the fact that men had more power politically, physically and that they should be the ones to work, instead of staying at home and cooking/cleaning.Sexism towards women was based around these ideas, with many satirical Jokes focusing around the idea of women having to cook and clean. Other discrimination took place t work, where sometimes women worked at an Industry dominated by men, this led to what was called a â€Å"lack of fit† between the personality a woman is supposed to possess and the attributes considered necessary for the Job.Here's where the male descriptive stereotypes come Into play: competent, assertive, decisive, rational, objective. When managers have little information about what an employee or stereotypes, often to the detriment of women. One study published in 2012 showed the sexist nature of employment during a Job hunt. Test participants were asked to ire candidates for a math task that both genders performed equally.The participants were twice as likely to hire the man even when candidates were identical – for the simple reason that women are seen as worse at math than men. In conclusion, the overall role and status of women in 2014 was that they were mainly focused on looking after the home and caring for their children; they were given the potential to gain a high social status, but many chose to let men go to work and those women who did want/have to work, were likely at times to face sexism.

Apple essay

Churner (2014) writes an interesting article portraying Apple's return to the bond market in 2014. In April 2014 Apple completed its second blockbuster bond sale in a year. Apple sold $ban of debt of varying maturities at interest rates that were mostly less than a percentage point above comparable U. S. Treasury debt (Churner, 2014). This sale goes a long way in highlighting the faith in the prospects of Apple. The offering was extremely tempting for investors whom flocked to place more than $ban in orders (Churner, 2014).The bonds sold Tuesday offered interest rates relative to Treasures that were similar to last year's sale. For example, a 10-year bond from Apple on Tuesday was priced to yield 0. 77 percentage point more than comparable Treasures. Last year, Apple priced 10-year bonds to yield 0. 75 percentage point more (Churner, 2014). In all, Apple sold fixed-rate bonds maturing in three, five, seven, 10 and 30 years, and were priced to yield 1. 068%, 2. 108%, 2. 889%, 3. 460% and 4. 483%, respectively (Churner, 2014).Deutsche Bank GAG and Goldman Sacks Group Inc. Deed the sale. The head of ‘investment grade credit at Invoices, Chuck Burger describes how â€Å"Apple's bonds are an attractive alternative to Treasury bonds. † He goes on to suggest that the reason they are so popular is due to their past strong performance, and the fact that everyone knows of Apple and has become very trustworthy of the brand name. Invoices spent $million on the new Apple bonds. The value of Apple's bonds is determined through their supply and demand like any other economic good or service.Demand for Apple's bonds has been high for a few seasons, and therefore the value of the bonds is also high. They are highly sought after because they are rated as AAA+, the second highest rating (Churner, 2014)- this is turn reflects a corporate-debt market that is putting in a strong performance this year. Bond prices are often inversely correlated to expectations about the future economy, and thus the stock market. In 2013 bond investments (demand) declined amid investor expectations that the U. S. Economy would pick up steam. However, this has turned around in 2014 as expectations have deteriorated.Apple does have a lathe cash pile ($1 ban) but there are a range of investors that fear selling bonds to reward shareholders can ding the value of a company's outstanding debt. In order for the value of Apple's bonds to remain strong it must ensure that it keeps its products as industry leaders; as soon as this is not the case the demand to invest in Apple bonds will shrink and the price will fall. Worktables (2013) attempts to explain why a company like Apple with such high cash levels would want to issue bonds; fundamentally issued by companies to raise cash.This essentially comes down to a irk in the tax regime: â€Å"According to analyst estimates, Apple has $Bonn of cash- but only $ban on hand in the U. S. , and thus not enough to fully fund the shar e buy- back program† (Worktables, 2013). Therefore although Apple has a vast amount of cash, it needs the ability to access more in order to make up for the less accessible cash they have stored abroad. References Churner, M. , (2014). Apple Returns to Bond Market.

Macroeconomics Forecast for DaimlerChrysler essays

Macroeconomics Forecast for DaimlerChrysler essays DaimlerChrysler- Chrysler Division, one of North Americas major automotive manufacturing companies, is headquartered in Auburn Hills, Mi. Chrysler Division, along with its competitors in the automotive industry, plays a major role in the United States economy. Chief Economist, Gail Fosler, believes that the economy is recovering and due to this recovery trend, we will see a major growth by 2003. With this type of prediction, it would be safe to say that the automotive industry would show positive trends too. To forecast the trends in the automotive industry as well as the United States economy overall, economist use indicators or statistics for their predictions. These indicators deal with, but are not limited to, unemployment rates, interest rates, retail sales, inflation rates, gross domestic product (GDP), housing starts and employment growth. To discuss the outlook for the Chrysler division, we will look at three indicators, interest rates, unemployment rates and employment growth. Interest rates for the United States are forecasted at lower rates for the next two years. In the survey of professional forecasters, released in August of this year, it was expected for the three-month rate to average 2.0 percent in 2002 and 3.4 percent in 2003. However, forecasters are cutting that forecast for interest rates over the next two years. It is now expected that the average for 2002 will be 1.7 percent and 2.5 percent in 2003. (conference-board.org ) With the prediction for the overall economy having an upward trend, it is interesting to see how this compares to the forecast for the automotive industry. The annual report found at carmetrics.com, shows that there will be a small rise in the inflation rate over the next year. However, it is also predicted that the trend will decrease in 2005 at 2.8%, which would be lower than its been for the previous four years. The short-term interest rates show that 2002 ...

Critical essay on Crime and Punishment by Fosknor essays

Critical essay on Crime and Punishment by Fosknor essays The Civilian Verses the Military Justice System The Civilian Justice System and the Military Justice System differ in many ways. There are different factors considered in both systems based on the offense that has been committed. The comparison of the two systems is both amazing and sometimes very frustrating to other people that think justice is or is not served. In the state of Delaware, an individual can be punished in the following ways for the possession of marijuana: Any person who, on any single occasion, knowingly sells, manufactures, delivers or brings into this State, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, in excess of five pounds of marijuana is guilty of a class B felony, which felony shall be known as "trafficking in marijuana". If the quantity of marijuana involved is one of the following the individual is subject to be punished in the following manner: a. If the amount of marijuana is in excess of 5 pounds, but less than 100 pounds, the person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years and to pay a fine of $25,000 b. If the amount of marijuana is 100 pounds or more, but less than 500 pounds, the person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 5 years and to pay a fine of $50,000. c. If the amount of marijuana is 500 pounds or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years and to pay a fine $100,000. If a military member is charged with possession of marijuana in any amount, the member can received one or more of the following punishments: a. Letter of reprimand, if the amount is in the amount of ounces. The letter of reprimand can be accompanied with a reduction in grade and a fine up to 3 months of the members base pay. a. If the amount is one pound or more, the member is subject to court martial and could receive a dis...